Active audience:
is the theory argues that media audiences do not just receive information passively but are actively involved, often unconsciously.
Selective Filter Model:
is where the media can only have an effect on the audience once it has penetrated 3 stages, since the audience has an active role in accepting whether the message can have an effect on them. the 3 stages are: exposure, perception and retention.
Selective exposure:
the audience has the choice to engage with the media, and what type of media they are exposed to.
Selective Perception:
the audience can then choose weather they wish to accept the message being conveyed.
Selective Retention:
he audience then has to remember the message in order for it to have an effect on them.
mise-en-scene: the arrangement of the scenery, props, etc. on the stage of a theatrical production or on the set of a film. French for "placement in the scene"
Anchorage
The text (copy) that fixes (anchors) an image and its meaning.
Antagonist
In a plot, the character whose function is to disrupt the protagonist – often, but not always, a villain.
Archetype
A universal type of character found in various media texts, eg anti-hero, hero.
Audience
The people who are intended to see, hear, consume a media text.
Audience positioning
Each media text that is constructed to position its intended audience in a particular place and to respond in a certain way to it.
BARB
Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board – the organisation that measures and collects television viewing data in the UK.
BBFC
British Board of Film Classification – responsible for deciding the age classification and censorship of all films and video content released in the UK.
Big Close Up (BCU)
An extreme close up camera shot, usually focusing on the face or close detail of the body.
Binary opposition
The contrast between two ideas or concepts, such as good/evil, male/female. Usually the contrast causes conflict that drives the narrative.
1
Brand
A type of product that is manufactured and marketed under a particular name, logo and design.
By-line
The printed line of text in a newspaper/magazine that names the writer of an article.
Camera movement
The way the camera is moved during filming to add depth, interest and variation for the viewer, such as pan and track.
Censorship
The controls and regulations that exist about media content. Censorship powers can be held by governments or regulatory bodies.
CGI
Computer-generated imagery is the application of computer graphics to printed or moving image media. The term CGI commonly refers to 3D computer graphics used for special effects in film sequences.
Code
Codes are the systems of signs that are used to create meaning in media texts. Codes can be both symbolic and technical.
Colour palette
The suite of colours that are used in the creation of media texts, such as websites and magazines, to reflect a brand and appeal to its audience.
Commercial broadcasting
Privately owned media broadcasting of television and radio programming.
Concentration of ownership
Refers to the number of organisations or individuals who control ownership of the media. Fewer stakeholders hold increasing shares.
Conglomerate
A media conglomerate is a large corporation that owns a large number of media companies, such as television, radio, internet, publishing – giving the conglomerate control in the market.
Connotation
The way meaning is created, or the deeper meaning, in a media text.
Consumption
Media consumption is the diet of information and entertainment that is taken in by a group or individual.
2
Context
The time, place and mindset of the audience are all features of context that affect how a media text is read.
Continuity editing
The most commonly used type of video editing used in post-production – predominantly used to establish a logical and linear coherence between shots.
Conventions
The widely recognised and typical way of doing things in a particular genre or media form.
Convergence
The coming together of technologies and institutions to create a new product or media experience.
Copy
The written material, as opposed to images, that features in a media text.
[/topic/body/title {"- topic/title "}) Countertype (title]
A positive stereotype that reinforces the positive qualities of a person/type of person.
Cover price
The price printed on the cover of a printed media text.
Close up (CU)
A common camera shot that tightly focuses on a person or object.
Crane shot
A camera shot that is taken from above the ground high on a crane (also known as a jib).
Cross-head
Words used as a title or sub-heading to break up text in a newspaper or magazine.
Cross cut
An editing technique used to establish that action is occurring at the same time.
Cut
A simple editing technique. One shot ends and another begins, with no transitions or effects added.
Date line
A line that shows the date that a media publication/article was written/first published.
Demerger
Separating a large corporation into two or more smaller organisations.
3
Demographics
The characteristics and make-up of a sample of the population, eg age, gender, nationality.
[/topic/body/title {"- topic/title "}) Denotation (title] The literal or surface meaning in a media text.
Desk Top Publishing
Desk Top Publishing (DTP) software allows the user to create printed media texts with various page layouts and designs
Digital (platform)
Digital media is any media that can be created, viewed and distributed digital devices.
Distribution
The ways in which media products are made available to audiences either physically or online.
Dialogue
Words spoken by characters in a media product, such as films or television dramas.
Diegetic sound
Actual sound from the world of the film, whether on or off screen.
Diversification
Large corporations spreading their interest and shares in a wide variety of mass media forms.
Editing
A post-production technique – any arranging, revising and preparing of written, audio or video content to get the piece ready for audience consumption.
Editorial
An article in a newspaper or magazine that expresses an opinion on a topical issue.
Enigma
A question that is not immediately answered which draws the audience into a text.
Ethics
The principles and standards that are upheld in broadcast media, film and the internet.
Eyeline match
A film editing technique that makes the audience feel that they are seeing what the character on screen is seeing.
Fade
In video editing post-production, a fade is the transition to and from a blank image.
Flashback
A scene in a moving image that is set in an earlier time than the main story.
Font
The style and size of text characters on the printed page or screen.
Form
The various formats that media texts and products come in, such as newspapers, magazines, films. Each media form will have its own set of codes and conventions.
Framing
The way a camera shot is composed.
Franchise
A media franchise is a collection of connected media products derived from a single original source, for example, a film – with a comic and video game also produced about the film.
Freelance
A person who is hired by different companies to work on particular projects. Freelancing is common in many areas of the media.
Gatekeeping
The way in which information is filtered by the media before it is prepared for publication, broadcast or distribution.
Genre
A style or category of a media form.
Guerilla marketing
Low-cost and unconventional marketing methods with a clear focus on grabbing the audience’s attention.
Headline
The text, usually in larger font, at the top of a page or article in a newspaper or article, indicating what the content is to the reader.
Hegemony
The leadership or dominance in the media of a particular social group. In the UK, there is a distinct lack of working class people working in the media. The middle classes dominate.
Home page
The first page of a website that a user will access at a web address. The home page usually contains navigation links
5
to the other pages of the website.
Horizontal integration
Companies who acquire other companies operating in the same sector.
House style
The overall design style of a newspaper, website or magazine. This might include font, colour scheme and layout. The house style sets a product apart from its competition and makes it easily recognisable to its audience.
Hybrid
A type of media created through convergence resulting in a new form consisting of different media combined. Can also be used as a way of describing a media product that is a combination of different genres and styles.
Icon
An iconic figure is somebody/thing immediately recognised as being important in its field. The term icon can although refer to the logo and branding of symbols used on social media.
Ident
Short for identifier – can be a short visual image shown on the screen in between television programmes, signalling the channel that is being watched, or an audio ‘call sign’ to identify a particular radio station/programme.
Institutions
The organisations that create and distribute media texts, such as the BBC and News International.
Interactivity
Interactive media allows the user/consumer to take an active involvement in the media text, even by contributing to it.
Intertextuality
Often media texts make references to other texts and popular culture to interest and engage the audience.
IPSO
The Independent Press Standards Organisation is the independent regulator of the newspaper and magazine industry in the UK.
Jingle
A short and catchy piece of music or song/slogan used to promote a product, used particularly in advertising and on the radio.
Links
Clickable text or images that take users to different pages of a website.
Logo
6
The visual image used to identify a product, brand or company.
Medium/mid shot (MS)
A commonly used camera shot. Typically it will frame the subject from the waist up or show some background detail in the shot.
Mediation
Mediation is when the media takes a person or event and changes or interprets it in a particular way to create a media text.
Merger
A combination of two media companies into one – usually to gain more power and influence in the market.
Message
The expected reading that the audience takes from a media text.
Mise-en-scene
Literally ‘everything that is in the shot/scene’ in a single frame. This is what helps the audience to gain meaning from a scene.
Mock-up
A rough plan of how the layout of a page of printed media will look.
Mode of address
The way a media product ‘speaks’ to its audience.
Moral panic
The way that the media stirs up intense feelings because of the way it covers a news event or issue.
Multi-media
Technology that enables sound, video, text and graphic images to be used in the same media production.
Narrative
The way in which a story or sequence of events is put together in a media text. All media texts have some sort of narrative running through them.
News values
Ways in which media companies will assess and categorise news stories and decide on their newsworthiness. Each media publication will have its own news agenda and set of news values.
Niche audience/market
A relatively small segment of an audience with specific tastes and interests.
7
Non-diegetic sound
Sound that is neither on the screen or features in the ‘world of the film’. Typically, non-diegetic sound will be sound effects or background music added to create mood and atmosphere.
OFCOM
The Office of Communications is a government-approved regulatory body that is responsible for ensuring that the communication and broadcasting industries in the UK operate fairly and competitively. It also protects the public from inappropriate or offensive material.
Opening sequence
The opening section of a film/television drama. Often this is action-packed and ends on a cliffhanger. Opening sequences are also used to introduce key characters or to establish settings.
Ownership
The companies who own the companies that produce and distribute media texts.
Panning
A basic camera movement – the camera sweeps from one side to the other.
Passive audience
A passive audience is one that merely observes and takes in a media text without interacting or responding to it.
PEGI
Pan European Game Information – the organisation that judges what the age ratings should be for games. Produces guidance for consumers (mainly aimed at parents) so that they can decide if a game is suitable.
Pitch
An outline of an idea for the creation of a particular media product.
Platform
The technologies, software or apps that allow media producers and consumers to interact, such as social media.
Point of view (POV)
A first-person camera shot that allows the audience to see from the viewpoint of an individual character.
Preferred reading
The interpretation of a media text that the producers intended the audience to have.
Pre-production
The work, planning and research that is done on a media product before the actual production begins.
Primary research
8
Original and new research that is carried out to answer particular questions or issues.
Prime time
The times of the day when radio and TV audiences are expected to be at their highest.
Producer
The people who plan, coordinate and create media products.
Product
Any media text can also be called a media product.
Public service broadcasting
Television and radio programmes that are broadcast to inform, entertain or educate the public, without trying to make a profit.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research is used to explore and gain an understanding of audience opinions and motivations.
Quantitative research
Quantitative research is the collection of numerical data and statistics.
Regulation
Rules or sets of standards that are expected to be adhered to. Regulatory bodies oversee that this is being done by media companies.
Representation
The way in which the media ‘represents’ people and the world around us.
Secondary research
Secondary research involves the collation and analysis of research that already exists.
Segmentation
The division of audiences into segments and categories.
SFX
Special Effects. Graphics techniques that are applied to moving images to create specific effects.
Shot
A single image taken by a camera, or a single take of video footage.
Sign
9
A word or image that is used to represent or convey an idea or object.
Signposting
The technique of establishing what the location of a scene is from the beginning. For example, a hospital drama might be signposted by audio of medical equipment or ambulance sirens.
Slogan
A catchy, eye-catching and memorable phrase, often used in advertising.
Social media/networking
Websites, platforms and apps that enable users to communicate with other people across the world.
Storyboard
A visual representation and plan of how a moving image scene will be shot. Typically includes a sketch of each frame, camera movements, edits and timing, etc.
Strapline
A cross-column subheading, usually found in newspapers, magazines and websites, that emphasises part of an article or advert.
Subscription broadcasting
Any platform/broadcaster that offers access to its content for a subscription.
Symbol
A sign or image that symbolises an idea and is intended to make the audience respond in a certain way.
Synergy
Where two or more media products are linked for commercial purposes, eg a film and a video game based on the film.
Teaser
A form of trailer that ‘teases’ the audience about a forthcoming film. Often meant to intrigue, teasers are typically short and aimed at perking interest.
Titles
The opening credits of a television programme or film, including the title but often including information about key personnel and snippets of the product.
Trailer
A short advert for a forthcoming film. Usually adhering to a particular set of codes and conventions, trailers might include highlights from the film and information about the stars of the film.
Treatment
10
A short outline of an intended media production. This might include written descriptions, sketches and mock-ups.
User-generated content
User generated content (UGC) is any content created and distributed on a particular platform by a user of that platform.
Viral marketing
A method of marketing which encourages media consumers to share opinion and information about a media product on the internet and on social media.
Vlog
A video blog or video log, usually shortened to vlog, is a form of blog that uses video rather than written text.
Voiceover
A segment of narration that is added to a broadcast with the speaker not seen on screen.
Camera shots-
Extreme close-up: show's only parts of character's face.
Close up: shows only the face of the character
Medium close up: Shows the face and the torso only.
Medium shot: shows the whole body of the character
Two shot: used to show 2 people e.g conversation
Long shot: A framing that places considerable distance between the camera and the scene or a person so that the object or the person is recognisable but standing out by the large space and background.
is the theory argues that media audiences do not just receive information passively but are actively involved, often unconsciously.
Selective Filter Model:
is where the media can only have an effect on the audience once it has penetrated 3 stages, since the audience has an active role in accepting whether the message can have an effect on them. the 3 stages are: exposure, perception and retention.
Selective exposure:
the audience has the choice to engage with the media, and what type of media they are exposed to.
Selective Perception:
the audience can then choose weather they wish to accept the message being conveyed.
Selective Retention:
he audience then has to remember the message in order for it to have an effect on them.
mise-en-scene: the arrangement of the scenery, props, etc. on the stage of a theatrical production or on the set of a film. French for "placement in the scene"
Anchorage
The text (copy) that fixes (anchors) an image and its meaning.
Antagonist
In a plot, the character whose function is to disrupt the protagonist – often, but not always, a villain.
Archetype
A universal type of character found in various media texts, eg anti-hero, hero.
Audience
The people who are intended to see, hear, consume a media text.
Audience positioning
Each media text that is constructed to position its intended audience in a particular place and to respond in a certain way to it.
BARB
Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board – the organisation that measures and collects television viewing data in the UK.
BBFC
British Board of Film Classification – responsible for deciding the age classification and censorship of all films and video content released in the UK.
Big Close Up (BCU)
An extreme close up camera shot, usually focusing on the face or close detail of the body.
Binary opposition
The contrast between two ideas or concepts, such as good/evil, male/female. Usually the contrast causes conflict that drives the narrative.
1
Brand
A type of product that is manufactured and marketed under a particular name, logo and design.
By-line
The printed line of text in a newspaper/magazine that names the writer of an article.
Camera movement
The way the camera is moved during filming to add depth, interest and variation for the viewer, such as pan and track.
Censorship
The controls and regulations that exist about media content. Censorship powers can be held by governments or regulatory bodies.
CGI
Computer-generated imagery is the application of computer graphics to printed or moving image media. The term CGI commonly refers to 3D computer graphics used for special effects in film sequences.
Code
Codes are the systems of signs that are used to create meaning in media texts. Codes can be both symbolic and technical.
Colour palette
The suite of colours that are used in the creation of media texts, such as websites and magazines, to reflect a brand and appeal to its audience.
Commercial broadcasting
Privately owned media broadcasting of television and radio programming.
Concentration of ownership
Refers to the number of organisations or individuals who control ownership of the media. Fewer stakeholders hold increasing shares.
Conglomerate
A media conglomerate is a large corporation that owns a large number of media companies, such as television, radio, internet, publishing – giving the conglomerate control in the market.
Connotation
The way meaning is created, or the deeper meaning, in a media text.
Consumption
Media consumption is the diet of information and entertainment that is taken in by a group or individual.
2
Context
The time, place and mindset of the audience are all features of context that affect how a media text is read.
Continuity editing
The most commonly used type of video editing used in post-production – predominantly used to establish a logical and linear coherence between shots.
Conventions
The widely recognised and typical way of doing things in a particular genre or media form.
Convergence
The coming together of technologies and institutions to create a new product or media experience.
Copy
The written material, as opposed to images, that features in a media text.
[/topic/body/title {"- topic/title "}) Countertype (title]
A positive stereotype that reinforces the positive qualities of a person/type of person.
Cover price
The price printed on the cover of a printed media text.
Close up (CU)
A common camera shot that tightly focuses on a person or object.
Crane shot
A camera shot that is taken from above the ground high on a crane (also known as a jib).
Cross-head
Words used as a title or sub-heading to break up text in a newspaper or magazine.
Cross cut
An editing technique used to establish that action is occurring at the same time.
Cut
A simple editing technique. One shot ends and another begins, with no transitions or effects added.
Date line
A line that shows the date that a media publication/article was written/first published.
Demerger
Separating a large corporation into two or more smaller organisations.
3
Demographics
The characteristics and make-up of a sample of the population, eg age, gender, nationality.
[/topic/body/title {"- topic/title "}) Denotation (title] The literal or surface meaning in a media text.
Desk Top Publishing
Desk Top Publishing (DTP) software allows the user to create printed media texts with various page layouts and designs
Digital (platform)
Digital media is any media that can be created, viewed and distributed digital devices.
Distribution
The ways in which media products are made available to audiences either physically or online.
Dialogue
Words spoken by characters in a media product, such as films or television dramas.
Diegetic sound
Actual sound from the world of the film, whether on or off screen.
Diversification
Large corporations spreading their interest and shares in a wide variety of mass media forms.
Editing
A post-production technique – any arranging, revising and preparing of written, audio or video content to get the piece ready for audience consumption.
Editorial
An article in a newspaper or magazine that expresses an opinion on a topical issue.
Enigma
A question that is not immediately answered which draws the audience into a text.
Ethics
The principles and standards that are upheld in broadcast media, film and the internet.
Eyeline match
A film editing technique that makes the audience feel that they are seeing what the character on screen is seeing.
Fade
In video editing post-production, a fade is the transition to and from a blank image.
Flashback
A scene in a moving image that is set in an earlier time than the main story.
Font
The style and size of text characters on the printed page or screen.
Form
The various formats that media texts and products come in, such as newspapers, magazines, films. Each media form will have its own set of codes and conventions.
Framing
The way a camera shot is composed.
Franchise
A media franchise is a collection of connected media products derived from a single original source, for example, a film – with a comic and video game also produced about the film.
Freelance
A person who is hired by different companies to work on particular projects. Freelancing is common in many areas of the media.
Gatekeeping
The way in which information is filtered by the media before it is prepared for publication, broadcast or distribution.
Genre
A style or category of a media form.
Guerilla marketing
Low-cost and unconventional marketing methods with a clear focus on grabbing the audience’s attention.
Headline
The text, usually in larger font, at the top of a page or article in a newspaper or article, indicating what the content is to the reader.
Hegemony
The leadership or dominance in the media of a particular social group. In the UK, there is a distinct lack of working class people working in the media. The middle classes dominate.
Home page
The first page of a website that a user will access at a web address. The home page usually contains navigation links
5
to the other pages of the website.
Horizontal integration
Companies who acquire other companies operating in the same sector.
House style
The overall design style of a newspaper, website or magazine. This might include font, colour scheme and layout. The house style sets a product apart from its competition and makes it easily recognisable to its audience.
Hybrid
A type of media created through convergence resulting in a new form consisting of different media combined. Can also be used as a way of describing a media product that is a combination of different genres and styles.
Icon
An iconic figure is somebody/thing immediately recognised as being important in its field. The term icon can although refer to the logo and branding of symbols used on social media.
Ident
Short for identifier – can be a short visual image shown on the screen in between television programmes, signalling the channel that is being watched, or an audio ‘call sign’ to identify a particular radio station/programme.
Institutions
The organisations that create and distribute media texts, such as the BBC and News International.
Interactivity
Interactive media allows the user/consumer to take an active involvement in the media text, even by contributing to it.
Intertextuality
Often media texts make references to other texts and popular culture to interest and engage the audience.
IPSO
The Independent Press Standards Organisation is the independent regulator of the newspaper and magazine industry in the UK.
Jingle
A short and catchy piece of music or song/slogan used to promote a product, used particularly in advertising and on the radio.
Links
Clickable text or images that take users to different pages of a website.
Logo
6
The visual image used to identify a product, brand or company.
Medium/mid shot (MS)
A commonly used camera shot. Typically it will frame the subject from the waist up or show some background detail in the shot.
Mediation
Mediation is when the media takes a person or event and changes or interprets it in a particular way to create a media text.
Merger
A combination of two media companies into one – usually to gain more power and influence in the market.
Message
The expected reading that the audience takes from a media text.
Mise-en-scene
Literally ‘everything that is in the shot/scene’ in a single frame. This is what helps the audience to gain meaning from a scene.
Mock-up
A rough plan of how the layout of a page of printed media will look.
Mode of address
The way a media product ‘speaks’ to its audience.
Moral panic
The way that the media stirs up intense feelings because of the way it covers a news event or issue.
Multi-media
Technology that enables sound, video, text and graphic images to be used in the same media production.
Narrative
The way in which a story or sequence of events is put together in a media text. All media texts have some sort of narrative running through them.
News values
Ways in which media companies will assess and categorise news stories and decide on their newsworthiness. Each media publication will have its own news agenda and set of news values.
Niche audience/market
A relatively small segment of an audience with specific tastes and interests.
7
Non-diegetic sound
Sound that is neither on the screen or features in the ‘world of the film’. Typically, non-diegetic sound will be sound effects or background music added to create mood and atmosphere.
OFCOM
The Office of Communications is a government-approved regulatory body that is responsible for ensuring that the communication and broadcasting industries in the UK operate fairly and competitively. It also protects the public from inappropriate or offensive material.
Opening sequence
The opening section of a film/television drama. Often this is action-packed and ends on a cliffhanger. Opening sequences are also used to introduce key characters or to establish settings.
Ownership
The companies who own the companies that produce and distribute media texts.
Panning
A basic camera movement – the camera sweeps from one side to the other.
Passive audience
A passive audience is one that merely observes and takes in a media text without interacting or responding to it.
PEGI
Pan European Game Information – the organisation that judges what the age ratings should be for games. Produces guidance for consumers (mainly aimed at parents) so that they can decide if a game is suitable.
Pitch
An outline of an idea for the creation of a particular media product.
Platform
The technologies, software or apps that allow media producers and consumers to interact, such as social media.
Point of view (POV)
A first-person camera shot that allows the audience to see from the viewpoint of an individual character.
Preferred reading
The interpretation of a media text that the producers intended the audience to have.
Pre-production
The work, planning and research that is done on a media product before the actual production begins.
Primary research
8
Original and new research that is carried out to answer particular questions or issues.
Prime time
The times of the day when radio and TV audiences are expected to be at their highest.
Producer
The people who plan, coordinate and create media products.
Product
Any media text can also be called a media product.
Public service broadcasting
Television and radio programmes that are broadcast to inform, entertain or educate the public, without trying to make a profit.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research is used to explore and gain an understanding of audience opinions and motivations.
Quantitative research
Quantitative research is the collection of numerical data and statistics.
Regulation
Rules or sets of standards that are expected to be adhered to. Regulatory bodies oversee that this is being done by media companies.
Representation
The way in which the media ‘represents’ people and the world around us.
Secondary research
Secondary research involves the collation and analysis of research that already exists.
Segmentation
The division of audiences into segments and categories.
SFX
Special Effects. Graphics techniques that are applied to moving images to create specific effects.
Shot
A single image taken by a camera, or a single take of video footage.
Sign
9
A word or image that is used to represent or convey an idea or object.
Signposting
The technique of establishing what the location of a scene is from the beginning. For example, a hospital drama might be signposted by audio of medical equipment or ambulance sirens.
Slogan
A catchy, eye-catching and memorable phrase, often used in advertising.
Social media/networking
Websites, platforms and apps that enable users to communicate with other people across the world.
Storyboard
A visual representation and plan of how a moving image scene will be shot. Typically includes a sketch of each frame, camera movements, edits and timing, etc.
Strapline
A cross-column subheading, usually found in newspapers, magazines and websites, that emphasises part of an article or advert.
Subscription broadcasting
Any platform/broadcaster that offers access to its content for a subscription.
Symbol
A sign or image that symbolises an idea and is intended to make the audience respond in a certain way.
Synergy
Where two or more media products are linked for commercial purposes, eg a film and a video game based on the film.
Teaser
A form of trailer that ‘teases’ the audience about a forthcoming film. Often meant to intrigue, teasers are typically short and aimed at perking interest.
Titles
The opening credits of a television programme or film, including the title but often including information about key personnel and snippets of the product.
Trailer
A short advert for a forthcoming film. Usually adhering to a particular set of codes and conventions, trailers might include highlights from the film and information about the stars of the film.
Treatment
10
A short outline of an intended media production. This might include written descriptions, sketches and mock-ups.
User-generated content
User generated content (UGC) is any content created and distributed on a particular platform by a user of that platform.
Viral marketing
A method of marketing which encourages media consumers to share opinion and information about a media product on the internet and on social media.
Vlog
A video blog or video log, usually shortened to vlog, is a form of blog that uses video rather than written text.
Voiceover
A segment of narration that is added to a broadcast with the speaker not seen on screen.
Camera shots-
Extreme close-up: show's only parts of character's face.
Close up: shows only the face of the character
Medium close up: Shows the face and the torso only.
Medium shot: shows the whole body of the character
Two shot: used to show 2 people e.g conversation
Long shot: A framing that places considerable distance between the camera and the scene or a person so that the object or the person is recognisable but standing out by the large space and background.